浙江省畜禽养殖业废水污染特征及环境风险评估研究

根据国家畜禽养殖业水污染物排放标准意见征求工作,对浙江省8家不同规模的养猪场开展了监测分析。研究发现,废水中COD、TN、NH4－N和BOD5等主要污染因子平均浓度超出征求意见稿中直接排放限值;重金属元素Zn和As最大的超标倍数分别为3.87和0.7倍;废水的综合污染指数为7.23,为重度污染级。进一步验证了畜禽养殖业废水属高污染、高环境风险废水,要达到国家畜禽养殖业水污染物排放标准,需整体提升当前的畜禽养殖废水处理深度。     

基于子流域的北运河流域(北京段)畜禽养殖空间布局研究

根据北运河流域(北京段)畜禽养殖业污染特点及其粪便与农作物养分供求关系,采用养分平衡法对各子流域畜禽养殖粪便养分实际排放量、实际负荷量、主要作物最大养分需求量、作物所需畜禽粪便养分最大负荷量、畜禽养殖承载力进行了核算,结果表明北运河干流、沙河流域、温榆河干流、凉水河流域和蔺沟河流域的畜禽实际承载量已超过畜禽土地承载力,研究结果对于环境部门加强畜禽养殖污染防治和农业部门合理进行农业规划有重要参考意义.     

河南省畜禽养殖污染调查及时空特征分析研究

根据2003年-2012年河南省统计年鉴相关数据和各种估算参数,对河南省2003年-2012年18个地级市五个畜种——生猪、肉牛、奶牛、蛋鸡、肉鸡的污染物排放总量及其污染物排放负荷进行调查分析,以期为河南省畜禽养殖污染的综合治理工作提供科学依据。研究结果表明:河南省2003年-2012年间污染物排放整体呈现平稳状态,2007年波动较大;五个主要畜种中,肉牛的污染物排放平均负荷最大为48.15%,其次为生猪39.70%,肉鸡8.67%,奶牛2.65%,蛋鸡0.83%;不同地区中以南阳市污染物排放量最大,其次是驻马店市,周口市,商丘市,信阳市,五市的COD、总氮、总磷排放量分别占到了全省相应污染物排放总量的54.49%,52.36%和48.51%。     

规模化畜禽养殖产污系数研究

随着畜禽养殖逐渐走向规模化，畜禽养殖污染已成为农村污染的重要来源。以规模化畜禽养殖产生的废水和固体废弃物为监测对象，对规模化畜禽养殖产污系数进行研究，给出单位畜禽从出生到出栏的产污系数计算方法。以四川省内江市为实例，计算了不同季节、不同规模的规模化养猪场产污系数，并与第一次污染源普查数据进行比较。     

WATER CHEMISTRY OF NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS STRIP MINE AND LIVESTOCK WATER IMPOUNDMENTS1

The water from 34 strip mine and 9 livestock water impoundments on the Northern Great Plains was analyzed. In all areas the water was classified as slightly brackish or saline. The dominant ion sequence for the study ponds was Na>Ca>Mg>K and SO₄HCO₃CO₃Cl, which differs from most freshwater by the transposition of Na and SO₄. Even though mean concentrations of total filterable residue were consistently greater in strip mine ponds, statistically significant differences were not found at the p ≤ 0.05 level between strip ponds and livestock ponds. The macronutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus found in the ponds were neither limiting to primary productivity nor excessive for fresh water. Many ponds contain turbid water. Turbidity restricts light penetration and limits photosynthesis besides making the ponds visually unattractive. The source of water for the pond, whether surface runoff or groundwater, seems to have important bearing on turbidity. The most appropriate use of these strip mine ponds is for waterfowl, warm-water fisheries, and other wildlife associated with prairie wetlands. However, even these uses are jeopardized by detrimental concentrations of trace elements in the water (Anderson and Hawkes, 1984).     

OUTPUT AND INVESTMENT FRONTIERS OF UNITED STATES IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE1

ABSTRACT: Economic models sometimes indicate that irrigation water is misallocated in agriculture, especially when it appears that the marginal value product is higher in other uses (such as for hydro-power). Historically, trends tend to contradict this reasoning, however, especially since irrigation has grown from 20 million acres in 1940 to over 50 million acres in 1980. Results of this study tend to indicate that as agriculture becomes more and more intensive (in terms of inputs), irrigation is part of that long term trend. Further, major economic variables, such as output and investments in agriculture, appear to be more highly correlated with irrigated land than with dryland agriculture. Recent data indicate an upper limit of about 320 million acres for dryland farming in the United States, while no such constraint is apparent for irrigated agriculture.     

INFILTRATION AND WATER QUALITY ON RANGE SITES AT FORT STANTON,NEW MEXICO1

ABSTRACT: The hydrologic impacts of livestock grazing schemes on selected plant communities and soils at Fort Stanton, New Mexico, were evaluated. Simulated rainfall was applied to 1 m²plots. On a mesa-top, infiltration rates for a grassland livestock exclosure and a pinyon pine-juniper community closely approximated each other and were significantly greater (P = 0.10) than either a moderate continuous or a heavy continuous treatment in a grassland community. Sediment concentration from the heavy continuous treatment was more than twice that of the other treatments. Infiltration rates on the hillside site were highest in a pinyon pine-juniper community receiving short duration grazing. Infiltration for this treatment was found to be significantly higher (P = 0.10) than that of a short duration grazing treatment, but not from a rest rotation grazing treatment on grassland. The short duration grazing treatment on a grassland had the highest sediment concentration, while the rest rotation grazing on a grassland and the short duration pinyon pine-juniper treatments were found to be similar. In the bottomland site, a fertilized and unfertilized treatment showed no significant difference in infiltration or sediment concentration, although twice as many animals were present on the fertilized treatment.     

昆明市规模化畜禽养殖场污染现状及控制对策

对昆明市畜禽养殖污染现状调查显示,2002年规模化畜禽养殖场产生粪尿207290t,大部分被作为农家肥处理掉,平均使用率为85%,但几乎未经过无害化处理,对周围区域水体及湖泊造成严重污染.政府应对畜禽养殖业进行宏观监挖,加大环境管理力度,加强畜禽污水监测排放,并进行减量化治理,无害化处理,综合利用,循环发展,实现生态养殖.     

UAFSB反应器处理畜禽废水的快速启动

对UASB反应器进行改型，得到UAFSB，并结合UASB反应器快速启动的驯化方式，比较分析用畜禽废水直接启动加颗粒活性炭与未加颗粒活性炭的运行过程和结果。试验结果表明：絮状污泥接种后经过54天的驯化，进料COD浓度由800mg／L提高到5000mg／L，去除率基本稳定在90％以上，均达到预期目的；在污泥中掺入颗粒活性炭，反应器的启动时间有所缩短、抗冲击能力有所加强。     

养殖场污水灌溉土壤渗出液磷特征分析

养殖场污水田间处理会引起土壤表面径流和渗出液中的磷组分流失.磷组分中有机磷比无机磷酸盐迁移能力强,构成地表水体富营养化重要的磷源.本文通过一组实验来探讨养殖场污水灌溉条件下土壤渗出液有机磷成分和数量特征.实验设计9个地块,其中一组4个地块加入45kg.(hm^-1·a)^-1的过磷酸钙(以P计,下同),然后4次分别加入100、200、300、400t.(hm²·a)^-1猪场污水,相应地施磷量分别为6.2、12.4、19.2、24.8kg.(hm²·a)^-1;另一组4个地块只加入同样猪场污水.渗出液物化分析表明渗出液中颗粒态难反应磷居多,占TP的77%～90%.³¹P的核磁共振波谱分析表明难反应P主要以有机磷的单酯和二酯形式存在.在磷酸酶活性实验中,渗出液自身含有的磷酸单酯酶和磷酸二酯酶可以水解9%～29%有机磷,这表明P在迁移过程中,部分磷酸单酯和二酯可以水解成无机磷.对于施肥处理P45+F200而言,有机磷组分酶水解显示难反应磷主要含有33%的易反应单酯磷、17%的肌醇磷和9%磷酸二酯(磷脂和核酸).易反应单酯磷、肌醇磷和磷酸二酯是渗滤液有机磷流失过程能矿化的重要成分.